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          设计模式的分类和原则
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        <p>设计模式(Design Pattern)是经过分类的、代码设计经验的总结, 是为了提高代码的可重用性、可理解性和可靠性, 是某类问题的解决方案, 代表了最佳实践.</p>
<p>面向对象的设计模式有七大基本原则：</p>
<ul>
<li>开闭原则(Open Closed Principle，OCP)</li>
<li>单一职责原则(Single Responsibility Principle, SRP)</li>
<li>里氏代换原则(Liskov Substitution Principle，LSP)</li>
<li>依赖倒转原则(Dependency Inversion Principle，DIP)</li>
<li>接口隔离原则(Interface Segregation Principle，ISP)</li>
<li>合成/聚合复用原则(Composite/Aggregate Reuse Principle，CARP)</li>
<li>最少知识原则(Least Knowledge Principle，LKP)或者迪米特法则(Law of Demeter，LOD)</li>
</ul>
<p>设计模式共有23种, 按类型分为三大类：</p>
<ul>
<li>创建型模式</li>
<li>结构型模式</li>
<li>行为型模式.</li>
</ul>
<a id="more"></a>

<h2 id="分类"><a href="#分类" class="headerlink" title="分类"></a>分类</h2><h3 id="创建型模式"><a href="#创建型模式" class="headerlink" title="创建型模式"></a>创建型模式</h3><ul>
<li>工厂方法模式</li>
<li>抽象工厂模式</li>
<li>单例模式</li>
<li>建造者模式</li>
<li>原型模式</li>
</ul>
<h3 id="结构型模式"><a href="#结构型模式" class="headerlink" title="结构型模式"></a>结构型模式</h3><ul>
<li>适配器模式</li>
<li>装饰器模式</li>
<li>代理模式</li>
<li>外观模式</li>
<li>桥接模式</li>
<li>组合模式</li>
<li>享元模式</li>
</ul>
<h3 id="行为型模式"><a href="#行为型模式" class="headerlink" title="行为型模式"></a>行为型模式</h3><ul>
<li>策略模式</li>
<li>模板方法模式</li>
<li>观察者模式</li>
<li>迭代子模式</li>
<li>责任链模式</li>
<li>命令模式</li>
<li>备忘录模式</li>
<li>状态模式</li>
<li>访问者模式</li>
<li>中介者模式</li>
<li>解释器模式</li>
</ul>
<p><strong>其实还有两类：<em>并发型模式</em> 和 <em>线程池模式</em>。</strong></p>
<h2 id="原则"><a href="#原则" class="headerlink" title="原则"></a>原则</h2><h3 id="开闭原则"><a href="#开闭原则" class="headerlink" title="开闭原则"></a>开闭原则</h3><p>开闭原则就是说<code>对扩展开放，对修改关闭</code>。<br>在程序需要进行拓展的时候，不能去修改原有的代码，而是要扩展原有代码，实现一个热插拔的效果。<br>所以一句话概括就是：为了使程序的扩展性好，易于维护和升级。<br>想要达到这样的效果，我们需要使用接口和抽象类等，后面的具体设计中我们会提到这点。</p>
<h3 id="单一职责原则"><a href="#单一职责原则" class="headerlink" title="单一职责原则"></a>单一职责原则</h3><p>不要存在多于一个导致类变更的原因，也就是说每个类应该实现单一的职责，如若不然，就应该把类拆分。</p>
<h3 id="里氏替换原则"><a href="#里氏替换原则" class="headerlink" title="里氏替换原则"></a>里氏替换原则</h3><p>里氏代换原则(Liskov Substitution Principle, LSP)面向对象设计的基本原则之一。</p>
<blockquote>
<p>里氏代换原则中说，任何基类可以出现的地方，子类一定可以出现。</p>
</blockquote>
<p>LSP是继承复用的基石，只有当衍生类可以替换掉基类，软件单位的功能不受到影响时，基类才能真正被复用，而衍生类也能够在基类的基础上增加新的行为。</p>
<p>里氏代换原则是对“开-闭”原则的补充。实现“开-闭”原则的关键步骤就是抽象化。而基类与子类的继承关系就是抽象化的具体实现，所以里氏代换原则是对实现抽象化的具体步骤的规范。</p>
<p>里氏替换原则中，子类对父类的方法尽量不要重写和重载。因为父类代表了定义好的结构，通过这个规范的接口与外界交互，子类不应该随便破坏它。</p>
<h3 id="依赖倒转原则"><a href="#依赖倒转原则" class="headerlink" title="依赖倒转原则"></a>依赖倒转原则</h3><p>这个是开闭原则的基础，具体内容：</p>
<blockquote>
<p>面向接口编程，依赖于抽象而不依赖于具体。写代码时用到具体类时，不与具体类交互，而与具体类的上层接口交互。</p>
</blockquote>
<h3 id="接口隔离原则"><a href="#接口隔离原则" class="headerlink" title="接口隔离原则"></a>接口隔离原则</h3><p>这个原则的意思是：</p>
<blockquote>
<p>每个接口中不存在子类用不到却必须实现的方法，如果不然，就要将接口拆分。使用多个隔离的接口，比使用单个接口(多个接口方法集合到一个的接口)要好。</p>
</blockquote>
<h3 id="迪米特法则-最少知道原则"><a href="#迪米特法则-最少知道原则" class="headerlink" title="迪米特法则(最少知道原则)"></a>迪米特法则(最少知道原则)</h3><p>就是说：</p>
<blockquote>
<p>一个类对自己依赖的类知道的越少越好。也就是说无论被依赖的类多么复杂，都应该将逻辑封装在方法的内部，通过public方法提供给外部。这样当被依赖的类变化时，才能最小的影响该类。</p>
</blockquote>
<p>最少知道原则的另一个表达方式是：只与直接的朋友通信。<br>类之间只要有耦合关系，就叫朋友关系。耦合分为依赖、关联、聚合、组合等。<br>我们称出现为成员变量、方法参数、方法返回值中的类为直接朋友。局部变量、临时变量则不是直接的朋友。我们要求陌生的类不要作为局部变量出现在类中。</p>
<h3 id="合成复用原则"><a href="#合成复用原则" class="headerlink" title="合成复用原则"></a>合成复用原则</h3><p>合成复用原则是:</p>
<blockquote>
<p>尽量首先使用合成/聚合的方式，而不是使用继承。</p>
</blockquote>

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